Introduction

Nails are not just a canvas for artistic expression; they can also be windows into a person’s overall health. Healthy nails are not only aesthetically pleasing but also indicative of a person’s well-being. In this comprehensive guide, we will delve into the world of nail diseases, their classification, common causes, and diagnostic approaches, equipping the knowledge for best care of patients.

Structure of Nail:

Nails are made of a tough protein called keratin, similar to hair and the outer layer of skin. It have three main parts: the nail plate (the hard visible part), the nail bed (the skin beneath the nail), and the cuticle (the thin layer of skin at the base of the nail). It receives their pinkish colour from the blood vessels underneath the nail bed.

Types of Nail Diseases:

• Infectious Nail Diseases-

1. Fungal Nail Infections (Onychomycosis)- Fungal nail infection, also known as onychomycosis, is a condition where fungus invades the nail, causing it to become discolored, brittle, and thickened. It’s essential to treat it early to prevent further nail damage and potential discomfort.
2. Bacterial Nail Infections- Bacterial nail infections occur when harmful bacteria invade the nail and surrounding skin, often causing pain, redness, and pus-filled pockets.
3. Viral Nail Infections- Viral infections of the nail are rare but can cause warts or other growths around or under the nail, which may be painful or uncomfortable.

• Inflammatory Nail Diseases includes Psoriasis, Lichen Planus, Alopecia Areata.
• Traumatic Disease
• Carcinoma,etc.

Common Causes and Risk Factors

• Poor Nail Hygiene
• Trauma and Injury
• Fungal and Bacterial Infections
• Autoimmune and Systemic Diseases
• Medications
• Genetic Predisposition
• Environmental Factors

Clinical Presentation and Symptoms

• Changes in Nail Colour
• Nail Thickening and Disfigurement
• Pain and Sensitivity
• Separation of Nail from Nail Bed
• Associated Skin Changes

Treatment and Management

• Topical and Oral Antifungals
• Antibiotics (for bacterial infections)
• Lifestyle and Preventive Measures
• Corticosteroids and Immunosuppressants (for inflammatory conditions)
• Surgical Interventions

Conclusion

Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment not only improve the cosmetic appearance of the nails but also contribute to the overall well-being of the patient. As dermatologists, our expertise in recognizing and managing nail diseases plays a crucial role in ensuring our patients lead healthy and fulfilling lives.